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Laparoscopic surgery is also called minimally invasive surgery (MIS), bandaid surgery and keyhole surgery. It is a specialized surgical technique in which operations in the abdomen are performed through small incisions or ports usually 0.5–1.5 cm. A large single incision is carried out in traditional open surgery procedures. Keyhole surgery uses images displayed on TV monitors for magnification of the surgical elements. Laparoscopic surgery can also be used for operations within the abdominal or pelvic cavities. Keyhole surgeries performed on the thoracic or chest cavity are called thoracoscopic surgery. Laparoscopic surgeries are popularly performed for colorectal diseases, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, rectal prolapse, gastrointestinal and hepatopancreaticobiliary cancers, diverticulitis and chronic constipation.
Open Surgery | Laparoscopic surgery |
---|---|
8 – 10 inch single incision | Multiple 1/4 or 1/2 inch incisions |
Tedious post-operative recovery | Less post-operative recovery |
Long hospital stays | Short hospital stay |
More need of narcotics and medications for recovery | Less need of narcotics and medications for recovery |
Higher amount of wound complications such as infections | Less amount of wound complications |
Excessive bleeding with blood transfusion | Less bleeding and no blood transfusion |
Over-exposure of internal organs and susceptibility to external contaminants and infections | Reduced exposure of internal organs topossible external contaminants therebyreduced risk of acquiring infections. |
The laparoscope is a long, thin, fiber optic cable like a telescope which illuminates and magnifies the structures inside the abdomen. There are two types of laparoscopes:
Telescopic rod lens system: The telescopic rod lens system is a device which uses a single chip or three chip video camera connected to it
Charge-coupled device: In the digital laparoscope the charge-coupled device is placed at the end of the laparoscope instead of the telescopic rod lens system. A fiber optic cable system is attached which is connected to a ‘cold’ light source such as halogen or xenon. These are inserted through a 5mm or 10mm cannula or trocar to view the operative field. After prepping, the abdomen is insufflated with carbon dioxide gas. This elevates the abdominal wall above the internal organs like a dome creating a working and viewing space. CO2 is used because it is common to the human body and can be absorbed by tissue and removed by the respiratory system. It is also non-flammable, which is important because electrosurgical devices are commonly used in laparoscopic procedures. A vast majority of the abdominal operations can be done by laparoscopy with excellent results, minimum pain and quick recovery.
Laparoscopic Appendectomy - In many cases, this minimally invasive procedure can be used to remove an infected appendix as long as the organ has not burst and an infection has not spread.
Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery - This surgical technique reduces the stomach in size, enabling patients to lose weight. This minimally invasive surgery is only recommended for patients who have serious health problems due to their weight or who have been unable to lose weight despite exercising and dieting.
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy - This minimally invasive surgery can be used to remove the gallbladder in order to treat gallstones, which can cause pain, indigestion, obstructive jaundice, acute pancreatitis and gall bladder cancer.
Laparoscopic Colon and Rectal Surgery - This surgical procedure can be used to treat disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus like colonic cancer, rectal cancer and ulcerative colitis.
Gastrointestinal surgery is dealing with the management of diseasesrelated to the human gastrointestinal tract involving the related organs.
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